صيانة الحاسوب حسب برنامج A+
PC Installation, Configuration and Upgrading
PC5
Preventative Maintenance
الصيانة
الوقائية
Cleaning Products
مواد
التنظيف
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Use only approved cleaning fabrics (lint free) and substances (like Isopropyl alcohol) استخدم الكحول للحاسوب من الخارج ولا تستخدم اي سائل لزجاج الشاشة فقط قطعة قماش قطنية رطبة |
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No volatile substances (especially on plastics) لا تستخدم اية مادة متطايرة |
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Use only compressed air or approved PC vacuums inside a PC يمكن استخدام قناني هواء مضغوط فقط اذا كانت مرخصة للحاسوب فقط |
Cleaning Procedures
طرق
التنظيف
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Check ventilation slots of the system case افحص ثقوب التهوية للصندوق |
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Clean exterior of monitor, case, keyboard, mouse (disconnect cables before cleaning) ابدأ بتنظيف الحاسوب |
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Check fans افحص الهوايات |
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Hard disks check: error checking/scandisk, backup, defrag, قم بعمل للقرص الصلب جميع نواحي
الصيانة |
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Reseat components, check cables افحص الكوابل وتأكد من اعادة وضع
القطع مثل المعالج او الذاكرة |
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Never use much force or pressure لا تستخدم اي قوة او ضغط في وضع
اية قطعة |
Hazard and Safety
الخطورة
والامان
Power
مصدر
الطاقة
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Surges (or spike): a very brief, abrupt change in voltage تغيرات (ومضة) في الكهرباء
(اضافية-ارتفاع) |
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Sags: a brief dip in available voltage (e.g. caused by many power-ups at once) قوة الكهرباء عند رجوعها بعد
انقطاعها |
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Brownouts: an extended sag (over a second) ومضة كهرابء زمنها اطول من ثانية |
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Blackout: complete loss of power انقطاع الكهرباء |
UPS
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(Uninterruptible Power Supplies)
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Online UPS: constantly
supplies system power from batteries, while simultaneously charging from
incoming supply |
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Offline UPS: when power
fails, the inverted switches over into the power circuit |
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Considerations: كيفية تحدد قدرتها
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High Voltage Equipment
اجهزة
حاسوب ذات جهد عالي:
High
voltage equipment and laser devices should NOT be serviced without
specific
training.
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CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube) الشاشة |
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Power supplies مزود الكهرباء |
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Laser (high power light sources) |
Do
not take ESD precautions with high voltage equipment – service personnel should
be fully insulated.
Do not
operate high power light sources with the case/covering open.
Disposal
امور
يمكن رميها بعد الاستخدام وتعتبر مضرة بالبيئة
Hazardous
materials inside your PC include:
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Batteries البطارية |
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Toner kits and cartridges محابر الطابعات |
Recycle
old computers (charities, schools) or parts whenever possible.
Always
follow the manufacturer’s instructions when disposing of or mixing cleaning
products.
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
الكهرباء
الساكنة
Static
electricity is not harmful to people, but is nasty to (and has a cumulative
effect on) most of your computer components. The risk of ESD increases
significantly under hot, dry conditions (think of removing laundry from the
dryer). Always take anti-static precautions when handling static-sensitive
components.
Static-sensitive
components and field replaceable units (FRUs) should always be put inside
anti-static bags, including:
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Memory (especially sensitive) الذاكرة |
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CPU (especially sensitive) المعالج |
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Hard drives and CD-ROMs القرص الصلب |
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PC cards بطاقات الحاسوب |
Precautions:
طرق
الاحتياط
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ESD Packaging اكياس خاصة |
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ESD strap and Grounding cord/plugs استخدم في عملك اسوارة مرتبطة
بالارض |
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Conductive mats استخدم عوازل |
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Anti-static floors/carpets, workbenches ارضية خاصة للحواسيب |
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Humidifier مرطّب |
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Temperature control تحكم في درجة الحرارة |
Motherboards/Processors/Memory
Processors (CPU)
اللوحة
الام والمعالج
Terminology
مصطلحات
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Clock speed سرعة اللوحة الام is the rate the
processor executes instructions. (the faster the better usually) |
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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
داخل المعالج is the part of the CPU that processes data. |
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Cache memory داخل المعالج(L1 or L2) is a very high-speed block of SRAM that interacts
between the CPU and system RAM. (Usually, the more the better). Pentium
processors use branch
prediction |
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Data bus مسار المعلومات بين
المعالج والقطع الاخرى على اللوحة الام refers to the wires
(lines) that carry data to and from the processor (and cache, and RAM) (The
wider the better, usually) |
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Address bus مسار
المعلومات التي تحمل عناوين المعلومات في الذاكرة – كلما كانت اوسع كلما كان ذلك افضل refers to the wires
(lines) that carry specific addresses to and from the processor. (The wider
the bus, the more addresses that can be sent simultaneously) |
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Register size حجم المسجلات refers the size of the
temporary storage areas that hold data before and after processing by the
ALU. This also determines software compatibility: Windows 2000 instructions
are 32-bit, so it cannot run on a 16-bit processor. |
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Multitasking متعدد
التنفيذ is either pre-emptive or cooperative. Pre-emptive
multitasking is controlled by the OS, which divides processor time
accordingly. Cooperative multitasking is performed by the applications
themselves |
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Multiprocessing , which
usually increases system performance, takes place simply whenever a system
has more than one processor. Asymmetric multiprocessing allocates specific
tasks and applications to specific processors. Symmetric multiprocessing
(SMP) tasks and applications run off any processor (further increases
performance). |
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Real Mode is a processor mode where addressable
memory (RAM) is seen as linear storage location that cannot be divided into
sections, nor allocated to specific (ie, memory-intensive) programs. It
cannot run Windows (no multitasking), only DOS. |
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Protected Mode, introduced with the 286, allocates
specific amounts/sections of memory to applications, multitasks, and supports
virtual memory. All major OS use protected mode. Virtual
Real Mode (or enhanced Protected Mode) emulates real mode from within
protected mode to run DOS applications under Windows. |
Pentium Processors
معالجات
البنتيوم
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Introduced in 1992 |
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32-bit address bus |
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32-bit registers |
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64-bit data bus |
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Built-in math-coprocessor |
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PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus compatibility |
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Generation الجيل |
Clock سرعة الساعة |
L2
Cache |
Register size |
Data
bus |
Addressable |
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Pentium I |
60-66 90-100 120-166 |
16 KB |
32-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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MMX |
166-233 |
32 KB |
32-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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Pro/P6 (RISC)
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120-200 |
16 KB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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Pentium II (SEC)
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233-450 |
512 KB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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Celeron |
500-800 |
0-128K |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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II Xeon |
400-450 |
512KB-2MB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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III |
450-1GHz |
256KB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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III Xeon |
500- |
256KB- 2MB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
4 GB |
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Itanium (EPIC)
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-1 GHz |
L2 onchip L3 - 4 MB |
64-bit |
64-bit |
16 GB |
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IV |
1.4-1.5GHz |
256 KB 512 KB |
? |
accel. |
? |
Check
out Webopedia’s Processor Guide
Processor Sockets
مقاعد
المعالج
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Socket 3: 486DX, AMD 5x86, Cyrix 5x86, Pentium OverDrive
63/83 |
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Socket 4: Pentium 60/66, Pentium OverDrive 120/133 |
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Socket 5: Pentium 75-133, Overdrive 125-166, MMX 125-166 |
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Socket 7: Pentium 75-200, Overdrive, MMX, K5, K6, 6x86MX |
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Socket 8: Pentium Pro |
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Slot 1: Pentium II, Pentium Pro |
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Slot 2: Pentium II, Xeon |
Non-Intel Processors
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AMD |
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Cyrix |
AMD:
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Generation |
Clock Speeds |
L2 Cache |
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K6 II |
500-550 |
0 |
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K6 III |
400-450 |
256 |
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Athlon مكان
بنتيوم 4 |
850-1.2 GHz |
256 |
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Duron مكان
السيليرون |
700-800 |
64 |
See
also:
Memory
الذاكرة
Terminology
مصطلحات
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Memory speed: سرعة الذاكرة measured in
nanoseconds, this is the time to access data that is stored in memory (50-80 ns) |
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Parity: a simple error-checking method where each
data byte includes a ninth bit called the parity bit (even/odd = 1/0). |
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ECC: Error Checking and Correcting is a kind of
enhanced memory checking that detects memory errors, but cannot correct them.
Will halt the system |
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Memory Banks: installed memory must fill a bank.
Old systems required two 72-pin SIMMs, present systems only need one DIMM |
ROM
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Read-Only Memory (non-volatile) |
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Typically stores low-level hardware instructions (BIOS) |
RAM
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Random-Access Memory (volatile)
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The processor’s workspace |
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Temporarily stores data (as long as constant power is
being supplied) |
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DRAM (Dynamic RAM) |
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SRAM (Static RAM) |
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Video RAM types: VRAM (Video RAM), WRAM (Windows RAM),
SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM) |
DRAM
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Main system memory (DIMM, SIMM) |
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High-density memory modules |
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Stores data while programs are running (OS, applications,
etc) |
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Fast Page Mode DRAM |
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Extended Data Output (EDO)
DRAM |
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Burst Extended Data Output (BEDO) DRAM |
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Synchronous DRAM, or SDRAM |
SRAM
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Faster than DRAM (4 times faster) اسرع |
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Larger, more expensive |
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Used for speed-critical functions, like cache |
VRAM
ذاكرة
للشاشة
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Video RAM (all though all types of Video RAM are sometimes
called this generically) |
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AKA Dual-port RAM |
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For high-performance video adapter cards |
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Two data ports: one read, one write |
WRAM
ذاكرة
للويندوز
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Windows RAM |
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Dual ported |
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Slightly faster than VRAM (25% faster) |
SGRAM
ذاكرة
لبطاقة الشاشة
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Synchronous Graphics RAM |
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Synchronized with the system clock |
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Single-ported |
Memory Packages
انواع قطع
الذاكرة للحاسوب
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DIPP: Dual in-line Pin Packages (EEPROM) |
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SIPP: Single in-line Pin Packages |
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SIMM: Single in-line Memory Modules (older system RAM, 30
or 72 pin) |
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DIMM: Dual in-line Memory Modules (typical system RAM, 168
pin) |
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SODIMM: Small Outline DIMMS (typical Laptop/PDA/IMac
system RAM, 144 pin) |
See
also:
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Last modified: 10/07/ 2004